Try adding error_reporting(E_ALL) to lib/classes/session/manager.php at line 129 just above the call to self::$handler->start():
129 error_reporting(E_ALL);
130 if (!self::$handler->start()) {
131 // Could not successfully start/recover session.
132 throw new \core\session\exception(get_string('servererror'));
133 }
Hopefully this will result in additional messages on screen when the error occurs.
It looks like Moodle suppresses PHP error reporting for session start even if it's enabled in config.php. In fairness, with the default session settings I've only ever seen this error when the disk is full.